Dab tsi yog hom kev siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws?Peb tuaj yeem tiv thaiv peb tus kheej li cas los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws xob?
Nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv los yog cov nthwv dej uas cov nucleus tso tawm kom ruaj khov, muaj ntau hom xov tooj cua decay ua rau ionizing hluav taws xob.Feem ntau hom yog alpha hais, beta hais, gamma rays thiab neutrons.
Alpha hluav taws xob
Alpha lwj (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Nyob rau hauv alpha hluav taws xob, lub decaying nuclei tso tawm hnyav, zoo nqi hais nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua kom ruaj khov.Cov khoom no tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau peb cov tawv nqaij ua rau raug mob thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem nres los ntawm kev siv txawm tias ib daim ntawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv alpha-emitting raug coj mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm kev ua pa, noj, lossis haus dej, lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov ntaub so ntswg ncaj qha thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kev noj qab haus huv.
Americium-241 yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho atom uas decays ntawm alpha hais, thiab nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb detectors thoob plaws ntiaj teb no.
Beta hluav taws xob
Beta lwj (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Hauv cov hluav taws xob beta, cov nuclei tso tawm cov khoom me me (electrons) uas nkag mus ntau dua li cov alpha thiab tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm xws li 1-2 centimeters ntawm dej, nyob ntawm lawv lub zog.Feem ntau, ib daim ntawv ntawm txhuas ob peb millimeters tuab tuaj yeem nres beta hluav taws xob.
Qee cov atoms tsis ruaj khov uas tso tawm beta hluav taws xob muaj xws li hydrogen-3 (tritium) thiab carbon-14.Tritium yog siv, thiab lwm yam, nyob rau hauv lub teeb thaum muaj xwm ceev rau piv txwv li cim tawm hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov beta hluav taws xob los ntawm tritium ua rau cov khoom siv phosphor ci thaum cov hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam, tsis muaj hluav taws xob.Carbon-14 yog siv rau, piv txwv li, hnub khoom los ntawm yav dhau los.
Gamma rays
Gamma rays (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Gamma rays, uas muaj ntau yam kev siv, xws li kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, yog hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, zoo ib yam li X-rays.Qee cov gamma rays dhau los ntawm tib neeg lub cev yam tsis muaj kev phom sij, thaum lwm tus raug nqus los ntawm lub cev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau puas tsuaj.Qhov kev siv ntawm gamma rays tuaj yeem txo qis rau qib uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg dua los ntawm cov phab ntsa tuab ntawm pob zeb lossis txhuas.Qhov no yog vim li cas cov phab ntsa ntawm cov chav kho hluav taws xob hauv tsev kho mob rau cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav yog tuab heev.
Neutrons
Nuclear fission nyob rau hauv lub reactor nuclear yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov xov tooj cua xov tooj cua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm neutrons (Graphic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Neutrons yog cov khoom loj heev uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov nucleus.Lawv yog uncharged thiab yog li ntawd tsis tsim ionization ncaj qha.Tab sis lawv cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov atoms ntawm cov teeb meem tuaj yeem ua rau alpha-, beta-, gamma- lossis X-rays, uas tom qab ntawd ua rau ionization.Neutrons yog nkag mus thiab tuaj yeem nres tsuas yog los ntawm cov tuab tuab ntawm pob zeb, dej lossis paraffin.
Neutrons tuaj yeem tsim muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, piv txwv li hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear lossis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear pib los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab hauv cov kab hluav taws xob accelerator.Neutrons tuaj yeem sawv cev rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis ncaj qha ionizing hluav taws xob.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-11-2022